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School of Thought - Fallacies and Biases
0.10MB. 0 audio & 48 images. Updated 2018-03-20.
Description
Sample (from 48 notes)
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| Name & Picture |
 just-world hypothesis |
| Summary | Your preference for justice makes you presume it exists. |
| Description | A world in which people don't always get what they deserve, hard work doesn't always pay off, and injustice happens is an uncomfortable one that threatens our preferred narrative. However, it is also the reality. This bias is often manifest in ideas such as 'what goes around comes around' or an expectation of 'karmic balance', and can also lead to blaming victims of crime and circumstance. |
| Example | A more just world requires understanding rather than blame. Remember that everyone has their own life story, we’re all fallible, and bad things happen to good people. |
| Tags |
| Name & Picture |
 optimism bias |
| Summary | You overestimate the likelihood of positive outcomes. |
| Description | There can be benefits to a positive attitude, but it's unwise to allow such an attitude to adversely affect our ability to make rational judgments (they're not mutually exclusive). Wishful thinking can be a tragic irony insofar as it can create more negative outcomes, such as in the case of problem gambling. |
| Example | If you make rational, realistic judgments you'll have a lot more to feel positive about. |
| Tags |
| Name & Picture |
 the backfire effect |
| Summary | When some aspect of your core beliefs is challenged, it can cause you to believe even more strongly. |
| Description | We can experience being wrong about some ideas as an attack upon our very selves, or our tribal identity. This can lead to motivated reasoning which causes a reinforcement of beliefs, despite disconfirming evidence. Recent research suggests that the backfire effect is limited to a certain amount of disconfirming evidence i.e. we tend to abandon a belief if there's enough evidence against it. It should also be noted that most people will accept a correction relating to specific facts, however the backfire effect may reinforce a related or 'parent' belief as we attempt to reconcile a new narrative in our understanding. |
| Example | “It ain’t what you don’t know that gets you into trouble. It’s what you know for sure that just ain’t so.” - Mark Twain |
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