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Eminent Grammar 1 - DoJG, Imabi, Pomax - Sentence Based

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Preview: https://i.imgur.com/P1Wpo10.png About This deck covers all of the grammar points from Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar (plus a bit more). For each grammar point there are (up to) 5 cards. Each card is a sentence with the grammar point highlighted. The back of the card contains DoJG, imabi, and pomax information for the grammar point (assuming I could find the explanation from each source). The deck comes with Kanji Hover as well as a toggle-able https://ichi.moe/ embed (in case you need to clarify a kanji reading or something). How to Use Of course you can use it however you'd like, but as someone who personally worked through the entire deck, here's my recommendation for getting the most value out of it: * You should know 1500-2000 words going in to this deck (~n4 level). As much as possible, you want to be only focusing on grammar, not new vocab. * This deck should be a supplement to your independent vocab study, not a replacement for it. * Only study cards where you know all of the words (other than the grammar point). If the sentence is too difficult, suspend the card. Once you finish the deck, unsuspend all of the suspended cards and try working through them. * When you're first introduced to a new grammar point, read all of the information on the back. There is a ton of information, so this will likely take awhile, but it will give you a really thorough understanding of the grammar point that is much more accurate than the short description. Extras This deck started with the DJT DoJG deck as a base, from which I heavily modified things. From there I sorted the grammar into Tae Kim order, and as I worked through the deck myself I adjusted the order to what I thought was more logical (often this meant making it more like imabi order). All of the grammar points were manually highlighted by me, but it's possible (likely) that I missed some. To highlight something, simply bold it (the css will take card of the rest). All names were converted to katakana so that you wouldn't have to focus on learning unknown name readings, and could focus entirely on learning the grammar. Some names of locations were also converted to katakana.

Sample (from 221 notes)

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sort 66
grammatical concept たり～たりする
usage A phrase which expresses an inexhaustive listing of action or states.
equivalent Do things like ~ and ~; sometimes ~ and sometimes ~
expression_jp 私達は歌ったり躍ったりした。
expression_en We did things like singing and dancing.
example 1_jp このレストランのステーキは大きかったり小さかったりする。
example 1_en Steaks at this restaurant are sometimes big and sometimes small.
example 2_jp A:毎日テープを聞いていますか。  B:いいえ、聞いたり聞かなかったりです。
example 2_en A: Are you listening to tapes every day?  B: No, I listen at one time and don't listen at another (only off and on).
example 3_jp 私はニューヨークでミュージカルを見たりコンサートを聞いたりした。
example 3_en In New York I did things like seeing musicals and listening to concerts.
example 4_jp トムは来たり来なかったりする。
example 4_en Tom comes at one time and doesn't at another time (Tom doesn’t always come).
notes
imabi ～たり is most known for being in the common pattern ～たり～たりする. The pattern usually always ends in する. Sometimes in speaking, the する may get cut off, but its existence is nevertheless implied.  When used with verbs, the pattern shows two actions occurring back and forth. Or, with one or more verb or adjective, it shows examples of actions and or states. This pattern can also be used with the negative.  1. 彼女は立ったり座ったりした。    She stood up and down.2. 「今週は何をしますか」「友達にメールをしたり、本を読んだりします」     "What will you do this week?" "I'll do things like mail my friends and read a book" 3. 月が雲の合間(あいま)に見えたり、隠(かく)れたりした。    The moon came in and out of sight in the clouds. 4. 休日は読書(どくしょ)をしたり散歩(さんぽ)をしたりして過(す)ごす。    As for holidays, I do thing such as read books or take walks to pass time. 5. 男が泣いたりして気持(きも)ちが悪いなあ。    It's a little creepy for a man to be crying.6. 昼食の時間は早かったり遅かったりだ。     Lunch times goes from being early to being late. 7. 近所のお店のコーヒーは日によって濃かったり薄かったりします。    The neighborhood store's coffee goes from being strong to being thin.   8. デパートに行ったり、ゲームをしたりした。      I did things like go to the department store and play games. 9. 掃除(そうじ)（を）したり洗濯(せんたく)（を）したりしました。     I was cleaning, doing laundry, etc.  10. 本を読んだりレポートを書いたりしていた。      I was reading books, writing reports, etc.11. 株を買おうか迷ってるけど、日によって高かったり安かったりでいつ買うべきかよく分からないなぁ。I'm wavering on whether to buy the stock, and because the price is expensive and cheap from day to day, I don't know when I should buy. Grammar Note: 買おう is the volitional form of 買う.   12. 500円といっても、人によって高く感じたり安く感じたりする。　　  Even though it may be 500 yen, it may feel expensive or cheap depending on the person. 13. ガソリンの値段が場所によって高かったり、安かったりするのは何故ですか? 　　 Why is that gas prices are high and low depending on the place?14. 映画を観みたり、本を読んだり、昼寝ひるねしたりする。      I do things like watch movies, read books, take naps, among other things. 15. 一週間雨が降(ふ)ったり止(や)んだりしていた。      The rain was intermittent throughout the week.16.  日によって上手だったり下手だったりするのはプロとは言えない。       Going from awesome to bad makes you not a pro.  17. 日によって絵があったりなかったりします。      There are and aren't paintings depending on the day. Grammar Note: As you can see, the negative can be used with たり．  漢字 Note: 絵’s reading え is actually an 音読み.  18. 高かったり安かったりで安定(あんてい)しない価格(かかく)      An unsteady price that goes back and forth from high to low  Grammar Note: The sentence above shows how the conjunctive particle たり can be used without ending in する. The copula is often used, and aside from this, when you use する, it can be used in other conjugations like the て形. 19. 暑かったり寒かったりしていた。      It was going from hot to cold.  20. マンションの部屋は広かったり狭かったり｛だ・する｝。 　　The condo rooms were wide and narrow. Grammar Note: The use of だ injects more emotion whereas the use of する states things in a more objective fashion.   21. クマはおりの中で行ったり来たりしていた。      The bear was walking back and forth in its cage.22. 女だと思ってよく見たら、男だったりする。　　 You think the person is a woman, but when you look, the person is a man.  23. 新品と思って買ったら、中古品だったりすることがよくある。 　　 It's often the case that one buys something thinking it's new and finding out it's used.  24. どれも似たり寄ったりだな。(Idiom)      Nothing really stands out.25.  願ねがったり叶かなったりの好条件　　(Set Phrase)　        Favorable conditions that work out as desiredGrammar Note: You sometimes see ～たり～たりの in set phrases like above.  26. 飲み食い      Eating and drinkingPhrasing Note: The above phrase is an example of nominal phrases from verbs having similar meaning to ～たり. If 飲み食いする were paraphrased, you would get either 食べたり飲んだりする or 飲んだり食べたりする. Note that "drinking and eating" is far less frequent than "eating and drinking" in English, but in Japanese no such ordering other than in 飲み食い can be attested. But, for other pairings of verbs, certain orders may be expected, and they may not all be the same as in English. So, pay attention. 
pomax If, instead of chaining, you want to only list representative actions for which order doesn't matter, such as "Today I read my book, played some video games and walked the dog" in which you probably did all those things a few times in no real order, then the て form is of little use. Instead, the classical helper verb たり is the one you want to be working with. This verb has the following bases: Just like て, the 連用形 of たり is used, and just like for て and た, contractions occur when used with 五段 verbs (with 行く having an irregular contraction, and 問う, 訪う, 乞う and 請う inflecting via their 連体形 rather than 連用形). However, unlike the て form, which can pair up with any 'final verb' for its inflection, たり gets its inflection specifically from the verb する, meaning "to do": 今日きょうは学校がっこうに行いったり、授業じゅぎょうに出でたり、ご飯はんを食たべたりしました。 "Today (I) went to school, went to class and ate." This sentence literally reads "Today I did: going to school, going to class, eating", without any distinction in which action occurred when, in relation to other actions; we're literally only summarising activities performed.Verbs in たり form can also be used on their own in a sentence, in which case it translates to "doing things such as", and still get closed off by する: 昨日きのう、本ほんを読よんだりした。 "Yesterday (I) did things like reading a book." The negative たり form is constructed by placing a verb in plain negative form first (未然形 + ない) and then turning this verbal negative into a たり form by the same formula: 連用形+たり (with a contraction just as for past tense), forming 未然形 + なかったり.
Tags DoBJG
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grammatical concept てあげる
usage Someone gives some action as a favour to a person who is not a member of the giver’s in group but whose status is about equal of the giver.
equivalent Do something for someone; do someone a favour by doing something
expression_jp 私はノブオさんにネクタイを買ってあげた。
expression_en I bought a tie for Nobuo.
example 1_jp 僕はハルコさんを慰めてあげた。
example 1_en I consoled Haruko.
example 2_jp 君はお母さんに何をしてあげましたか。
example 2_en What did you do for your mother?
example 3_jp タナカさんはスミスさんに本を貸してあげた。
example 3_en Mr. Tanaka lent a book to Mr. Smith.
example 4_jp
example 4_en
notes
imabi The giving verbs show favor when used with the particle て. Though the following summary may seem easy enough, we will go to compare and contrast to see where exactly the limits to these expressions lie.     ～てあげる, more polite than ～てやる, shows that one('s in-group) gives a favor to another person/party. It's generally used towards equals or even (non-)living things. In certain situations, it may be patronizing when "giving the favor" involves demoting of status.
pomax
Tags DoBJG
sort 83
grammatical concept と (1)
usage A particle which lists things exhaustively.
equivalent And
expression_jp マイクとディックとは学生だ。
expression_en Mike and Dick are students.
example 1_jp 私は英語と日本語を話す。
example 1_en I speak English and Japanese.
example 2_jp ミルズさんは来年ドイツとフランスとスペインへ行くつもりだ。
example 2_en Mr. Mills is planning to go to Germany, France and Spain next year.
example 3_jp ステーキはナイフとフォークで食べる。
example 3_en We eat steak with a knife and fork.
example 4_jp ヤマモトさんとスミスさんがテニスをしている。
example 4_en Mr. Yamamoto and Mr. Smith are playing tennis.
notes
imabi There is a lot to know about the particle と. However, this lesson will only focus on the case particle と. If you don't quite remember what a case particle is, don't worry. These particles simply show basic grammatical relationships in a sentence.  The Case Particle と        Noun＋と＋Noun(と）  と's basic meaning is "and" when placed in between nominal phrases. If you want to use something else, it has to become a noun first. と can't be used at the beginning of a sentence. In that case, you should use something like そして. When listing more than two things, consecutive と may be omitted, and this is usually the most natural thing to do. と is typically not used after the last item, but it can be in older language.1a. 私は日本人と医者です X 1b. 私は日本人で医者です。 〇      I am Japanese and a doctor. Grammar Note: Again, this meaning is for when と is between two or more nouns! 1a is wrong because this rule is violated in a more complicated way. In English "I am Japanese and a doctor" is technically short for "I am Japanese and I am a doctor." Here it is clear that you are actually connecting two predicate phrases, not two simple noun phrases. If you wanted to say that "X and Y are doctors," you would use と.2a. すばしっこいと茶色の狐(きつね)はのろまな犬を飛(と)び越(こ)える。 X2b. すばしっこい茶色の狐はのろまな犬を飛び越える。〇      The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. Example Note: 2b is grammatically correct, but because it is a translation of a sentence in English that has each letter of the alphabet in it, the Japanese sounds somewhat like a direct translation. For instance, this sentence has an unnecessarily lengthy subject. In Japanese, such lengthy subjects tend to sound unnatural. Examples  3. リンゴとブドウがテーブルの上()にあります。    There are apples and grapes on the table. 4. これとそれは同じです。    This and that are the same.  5. ノートと教科書(きょうかしょ)と辞書(じしょ)を持ってきてください。    Please come with your notes, textbook, and dictionary.  6. 犬()と猫()がいる。    I have a dog and a cat; there is a dog and a cat. 7. 犬()と猫()を飼(か)っている。    I have a dog and a cat. 8. 日本語()のクラスにはアメリカ人()と、イギリス人()と、カナダ人()がいます。    There are Americans, English, and Canadians in (my) Japanese class. 9. 朝()と夜()はちょっと寒()いです。    Morning and night are a little cold. 
pomax This particle is a nicely complex one. The grand unifying role that it plays is, actually, unification, but the way in which it does it is usually experienced as doing completely different things. We already saw と being used to create an exhaustive noun list in chapter 2 in the section on noun particles, but this role extends not just to things, but to people as well. In the same way that [X]と[Y]と[Z] is an exhaustive noun list (i.e., the unity of all these things), if we use people instead of Xs and Ys, we end up with a unified group: 本田ほんださんと榊さかきさんが映画えいがを見みに行いく。 "Honda and Sakaki are going to go see a film." In this sentence, the "noun list" 本田さんと榊さん exhaustively lists all the members of the group of people that will go see a film.An interesting feature is that と can unify a group of people, or a group of things in general, leaving the central, contextually obvious noun implied. For instance, examine the following sentence: 木村きむらさんと東京とうきょうに行いきました。 In this sentence, 東京に行きました means "(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) went to Tokyo", and 木村さんと looks like an incomplete noun list. However, this is one of those aspects of Japanese where context is important: we can leave off a contextually obvious "thing" in a noun list, and expect people who understand Japanese to fill this in themselves: in this case, the most obvious interpretation is that 'I' or 'we' went to Tokyo with Kimura. However, just because it is the most obvious, that does not mean it's the only interpretation possible. If, say, we're discussing what a mutual friend of ours has been doing over the holiday, without that friend present, and one of us utters the phrase 木村さんと東京に行きました then the contextually omitted person would be our mutual friend, rather than either of us.There are several ways to make the omitted 'thing' explicit. One of these is to use the disambiguation particle, は: 石田いしださんは木村さんと東京に行きました。 "Ishida (rather than someone else) went to Tokyo with Kimura." However, this only makes sense if the sentence would otherwise be ambiguous. If instead we only want to reiterate the person's identity, we would use が: 石田さんが木村さんと東京に行きました。 "Ishida went to Tokyo with Kimura." In this sentence, 石田 has been explicitly mentioned as primary verb actor, and because he's already been mentioned, can be left implied in the と listing that follows.Finally, we can do the most unnatural thing possible, and form a 'proper' exhaustive list without any implied nouns or people: 石田さんと木村さんが東京に行きました。 "Ishida and Kimura went to Tokyo." I say unnatural, because if someone has already been established as contextual subject or actor, you either leave them implied, or you mention them as actual subject or actor. If this was an opening sentence in a conversation, however, this sentence would be fine, as no context will have been established yet.Being able to tell whether a noun listing has any implied items is rather simple: if it ends on と, instead of on a noun, it has an implied item. It doesn't matter how long the noun list is for this; if it ends on と, something has been left off: 石田さんと木村さんが東京に行きました。 "Ishida and Kimura went to Tokyo." 石田さんと木村さんと東京に行きました。 "Ishida, Kimura and (I, you, he, she, it, us, they) went to Tokyo." Of course this explanation so far has focussed on people, but the same goes for plain old object nouns: カードと買かった。 "(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) bought (it) with (a) credit card." So it doesn't really matter what category the nouns are; as long as you're using と for exhaustive listing, a full list is always of the form: [X]と[Y](と[Z]と[...]) And a list with an implied item is always of the form: [X]と([Y]と[...]と) With this list explicitly ending on と. However, make sure to add direct object particles when using 他動詞たどうし verbs (or rather, when using verbs in a 他動詞 role, taking direct objects): オレンジと買った。 "(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) bought (it) with oranges." This sentence is not incorrect, but it says that we bought something in a place where oranges are considered a currency. This is probably not what we meant to say, and instead we wanted to say this: オレンジとを買った。 "(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) bought (it) along with (the) oranges." Note the を in this sentence, which leads to a normal phrase "(something)を買った", where the "(something)" is our list with implicit items.There are more things that と can do, and some of these involve a [noun]と construction, so try to remember that just because an exhaustive listing with an implied item has the form [X]と, not everything that fits the pattern [X]と has to be such an exhaustive listing with implied item. In fact, looking at further roles of と this becomes immediately obvious.In addition to noun listing, と can be used in combination with sound or state words, properly called 擬音語ぎおんご, onomatopoeia, and 擬態語ぎたいご, mimeses respectively, to form adverbial constructions. For instance, if it was a starlit night and we wanted to say that all the lights were causing the lake to sparkle, we would say something like the following: 池いけがきらきらとした。 "The lake sparkled." In this sentence, the word きらきら is a state description word (called 'mimesis' in English), which paired with と becomes an adverb to the verb する. Literally, then, this construction would say that the lake is 'doing' きらきら. Sound description words (called 'onomatopoeia' in English) are treated in the same way: 雨あめがザーと降ふってきた。 "The rain came pouring down." Here, the onomatopoeic word ザー is not found in the translation, because in English — as in most Western languages — we do not use such words to any serious degree. In Japanese, however, these words are an essential part of natural sounding language: the translation states that rain came "pouring down", because ザー is the sound that rain pouring down makes. Before you now go thinking up all kinds of onomatopoeia yourself, Japanese has been in use for centuries, and virtually any onomatopoeia you might come up with already exists, in a very specific form. There are in fact 擬音語・擬態語 dictionaries which will list all of them by category and meaning (you may find one online on www.nihongoresources.com, for instance), so you're not free to come up with your own; there are several hundred well established onomatopoeia and mimeses, each typically with at least a handful of interpretations depending on what they relate to, leading to well over a thousand different uses. It is not surprise, then, that a mastery of onomatopoeia and mimeses is typically seen as having mastered conversational Japanese.In fact, this adverbial marking of things using と extends beyond just the 擬音語 and 擬態語, and through this extending becomes a bit more complex too: a popular way to explain this is to call と the quoting particle, and give an example such as the following to illustrate this: 「今いま行いく」と言いいました。 "(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) said (I, you, he, she, it, we, they)'ll be coming over right now." This clearly demonstrates a quote being recited, but things are not quite that simple; と will work with a much wider variety of things than just quotes, as the following examples should illustrate: 車くるまを買かおうと思おもいます。 "(I, you, he, she, it, we, they)'re thinking about buying a car." 弱点じゃくてんを力ちからと考かんがえましょう。 "Let's think of (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) weakness(es) as (one of my, your, his, her, its, our, their) strength(s) (instead)." 趣味しゅみは仕事しごととしています。 "(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) consider (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) hobby (my, your, his, her, its, our, their) work." What と is actually doing is marking all these things — the quote 「今行く」, the volitional act 車を買おう, the concept 力, and the activity 仕事 — as somehow being adverbial to the verbs in question; 言う, 思う, 考える, and する. The actual interpretation of what と is doing depends entirely on the interpretation of what's being marked as adverbial, and the interpretation of the verbs used. For instance, 言う means 'to say', but it can also mean 'to call'. As such, we can actually translate our first sentence in two radically different ways: 「今行く」と言いました。 "He said he'd be right over." "He was called Imaiku." The second translation sounds quite unlikely, but if we replace 今行く with 谷村さん, we get exactly the same possible translations: 「谷村たにむらさん」と言いました。 "He said 'Tanimurasan'." "He was called Tanimura." Suddenly the first translation sounds quite unlikely, although nothing really changed.So how does と differ from を, the direct object marker? Actually, sometimes we can use either, but for some verbs the meaning changes radically when we use と, as opposed to when we use を. A good example of this is the verb なる, which we looked at in chapter 2, in the section on important verbs. This verb changes its meaning from "to become" to "to be" when we use と rather than を, so there is an important choice to be made about which particle suits our need best. Another example is the verb 考える, which means "to think" when used with を, but "to think about" when used with と.Hopefully you spotted what happens here: rather than the verb and the direct object being distinct things, using と unifies the verb and thing it works with into something that means something different from the sum of the parts. For instance, you cannot split up "to be [X]" into "to be" and "X" without changing the meaning of the verb. The same goes for "to think about [X]", or "to consider [X] something", or "to dream about [X]". While it is easier to explain と as a series of separate things for all these different verbs, it's really doing the exact same thing for all of them, even though there is no simple rule in Western grammar that we can map it to so that it makes sense given what we know from our own every day language use.To make matters even worse, we're not there yet. One more thing that と does is act as a logical consequence. We already saw か acting as logical 'or', and と is basically the logical 'and' equivalent. If we want to express that two things are simultaneously the case, we would use と: 飛行機ひこうきは遅おくれると乗のれません。 "With aeroplanes, the idea is that if you're late, you can't board." literally: "for aeroplanes (rather than something else): if you're late, you can't board." It is easy to mistake what happens in this sentence for just an "if A, then B", so let's look at what this sentence is doing before illustrating this use of と with a more drastic example. Aeroplanes, with their strict schedules, have a very simple rule, being that if you are late for the flight, then too bad for you. The plane doesn't wait for people. As such, "being late" and "not being allowed on the plane" are simultaneously true. The moment you are late, immediately and irrevocably you are also unable to board. We can make this more obvious with the promised more drastic example: 友達ともだちが首くびになると辞職じしょくします。 "If my friend gets fired, I quit." Here, it is crucially important to notice the と, and realise that we're talking about simultaneous actions. This sentence does not say "if my friend gets fired, I shall put in my resignation", it says that right there and then, the moment he gets fired, you're quitting. It also doesn't leave any ambiguity, because you're asserting a fact. Since と is acting as a logical 'and', statements involving と don't concern opinion, hearsay, or guesswork, they state plain and simple true fact, so the following is correct use of と: 雨あめが降ふる。今いま行いけば傘かさがないと濡ぬれる。 "It's raining at the moment. If you go out now, you'll get wet without an umbrella." But this next sentence is simply wrong: 雨が降ふるとぬれる。 "If it rains, we'll get wet." The reason this second sentence is wrong is because と expresses a universally true fact. However, if you have an umbrella, or you're indoors, or you might be in any one of a number of situations in which it is raining but you don't get wet, this sentence is simply false, and as such stating it as a universal fact is plain wrong. Usually students will mistakenly use と in this way when what they really want to say is something pertaining to a particular, specific situation. For instance, if you're looking out the window, and you know you have no umbrella with you, you might want to say "if it starts raining now, I'll get wet", with the implication that this will happen if you go outside, not that you'll magically get wet inside if it starts to rain outside. Instead of using と, these kind of musings require the use of ば or たら conditionals: たら: 雨が降ったらきっとぬれます、ねえ。 ば: 雨が降れば、ぬれる、なあ。 "I guess if it starts raining I'll get wet" with the なあ/ねえ endings signalling that you're saying something rhetorical, but you'd like whoever is listening to acknowledge you anyway.This factual consequence is also found in unfinished sentences such as the following: 今いま行いかないと。 literally: "Not leaving now (means...)" meaning: "(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) have to go." そうしないと。 literally: "Not doing so (means ...)" meaning: "(I, you, he, she, it, we, they) have to do so." These sentences are unfinished in the sense that they omit the — contextually obvious — generally negative consequences of the "not doing" of something.
Tags DoBJG

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Reviews

on 1641796927
good, informative
on 1617468813
looks pog, perditio-approved :RinOkay: